ABSTRACT
Background: The purpose was to determine the frequency and duration of vital sign deviations in acutely admitted patients in general wards with confirmed COVID-19 infection using continuous wireless vital sign monitoring. Material(s) and Method(s): Patients were equipped with two wireless sensors live-transmitting respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2). Frequency and duration of vital sign deviations were compared with manual point measurements performed by clinical staff according to the national Early Warning Score (EWS), assuming linear relationship between EWS point measurements. Result(s): Continuous monitoring detected episodes of SpO2 < 92% for more than 60 consecutive min in 92% of patients versus 42% of patients detected by EWS (p < 0.0001). Events of desaturation with SpO2 < 88% for more than 10 min was registered in 87% with continuous monitoring versus 27% with EWS (p < 0.0001). Desaturation with SpO2 < 80% for more than 1 min was detected in 76% with continuous monitoring versus 6% with EWS (p < 0.0001). 70% of patients had episodes of tachypnea with RR >24 breaths per minute >5 min detected with continuous monitoring versus 36% assessed by EWS (p = 0.0001). Episodes of HR >111 for >60 min was recorded in 51% versus 24% (p = 0.0002). Conclusion(s): Moderate and severe episodes of desaturation, tachypnea, and tachycardia during hospital admission in patients with COVID-19 infection are common and most often not detected by routine manual measurements.
ABSTRACT
Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 419 million cases and more than 5.9 million deaths. Preious studies hae indicated inferior responses to SARS-CoV-2 accination across different hematological diseases. Through this prospectie cohort study, we examined the deelopment and durability of anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG after two doses of BNT162b2 in 179 patients with either multiple myeloma (MM) or Chronic Lymphatic B-cell Leukemia (B-CLL) six months after accination and compared to immunocompetent controls. Aims: We aimed to inestigate the durability of immune responses to COVID-19 accination in patients with MM or B-CLL compared to healthy controls, and to identify risk factors for humoral non-response, including type of diagnosis. Methods: We measured anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG after two doses of BNT162b2 in 179 patients (MM: n=78, B-CLL: n=101) and 179 age and sex matched healthy controls up to six months after first accination. Anti- RBD IgG leels and neutralizing capacity of antibodies were measured at first and second dose of BNT162b2 and two and six months after first dose. Humoral response was defined as anti-RBD IgG > 225 AU/mL with a neutralizing index ≥ 25%. Humoral non-response was defined as the absence of a humoral response. T-cell responses were assessed six months after the first dose using an ELISA-based interferon-gamma release assay. A positie T-cell response was defined as IFN-γ release > 200 mIU/mL. Data on diagnoses were obtained through medical records, and data on accination status were obtained from the Danish Vaccination Register. Results: In patients with MM or B-CLL, the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-RBD IgG increased from baseline 1.49 AU/mL (95% CI: 1.21-1.84) to three weeks after the first accine dose 15.10 AU/mL (95% CI: 9.39- 24.29) and after receiing the second dose 1179.60 AU/mL (95% CI: 727.78-1919.85). From two to six months after first accine there was a significant decline in the GMC of anti-RBD IgG to 252.75 AU/mL (95% CI: 159.17-403.43). The mean neutralizing capacity in patients with MM or B-CLL was lower than in controls at all time points after the first accine dose. Six months after first accine dose, 79 of 179 (44.1%) patients with MM or B-CLL had a positie humoral response, while this was the case for 170 of 179 controls (95.0%), p<0.001. Haing MM or B-CLL was significantly associated with risk of humoral non-response. This was most pronounced in B-CLL patients who had an age and sex adjusted risk ratio (RR) of 12.25 (95% CI: 6.42-23.38, p< 0.001) of humoral non-response compared to healthy controls. For MM patients the RR was 4.65 (95% CI: 2.21-9.80, p< 0.001). T-cell response was assessed in a subset of 48 patients with MM (n=28) or B-CLL (n=20) and 26 controls, six months after first accine dose. A total of 21 (43.8%) patients with MM (12/28) or B-CLL (9/20) and 14 (53.8%) controls had a positie T-cell response (p =0.56). Seen of 20 (35.0%) patients with MM or B-CLL who did not deelop a humoral response, deeloped a T-cell response (MM: 3/8, B-CLL: 4/12), while 14 of 28 (50.0%) patients with MM or B-CLL who deeloped a humoral response deeloped a T-cell response (p =0.46, MM: 9/11, B-CLL: 5/8). In healthy controls 14 of 25 (56.0%) people who deeloped a humoral response also deeloped a T-cell response. Summary/Conclusion: Humoral response to BNT162b2 was impaired in patients with MM or B-CLL compared to healthy controls. Both patients with MM and B-CLL were at higher risk of humoral non-response compared to healthy controls.